PSY 375 Project Two Milestone

PSY 375 Project Two Milestone: For Project Two, due in Module Seven, you will create a professional blog post. In this milestone, you will select the topic of your blog post and complete an annotated bibliography…

PSY 375 Project Two Milestone

Overview

For Project Two, due in Module Seven, you will create a professional blog post. In this milestone, you will select the topic of your blog post and complete an annotated bibliography to prepare you to write your post. You will begin by finding five current articles (published no earlier than the year 2000) and ensuring three of them are primary research articles in which the authors collected their own data.

Prompt

Use the following resources to support your work on this milestone:

• Reading: What Is an Annotated Bibliography?This Shapiro Library resource describes the purpose and characteristics of an annotated bibliography. It also includes examples of annotated bibliographies and a brief video.
• Shapiro Library Research Guide: PsychologyResearch guides are developed by librarians to help you find and locate the information you need for your classes, papers, and projects. This guide is a great resource to help you search for credible sources for your project. Scroll down to the Types of Psychology Sources table to help identify the types of sources you need to complete your milestone. Consider reaching out to a librarian using this email address to ask a library-related question.

Select a topic for your Project Two blog post from the Project Two Milestone Topics document. Next, using the Shapiro Library or other sources, identify three primary and two secondary sources to support your blog post. Complete your milestone using the Project Two Milestone Template. You must address each of the rubric criteria listed below in about 1,000 to 1,200 words total.

Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:

• Select a topic from the topics provided and explain why you selected that option.
• Create an annotated bibliography entry for your first primary source. Sources should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your entry should include a summary of the following:
  • The problem addressed
  • The methodology, measurements, and sample
  • The findings
  • Conclusions and limitations of the research design
• Create an annotated bibliography entry for your second primary source. Sources should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your entry should include a summary of the following:
  • The problem addressed
  • The methodology, measurements, and sample
  • The findings
  • Conclusions and limitations of the research design
• Create an annotated bibliography entry for your third primary source. Sources should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your entry should include a summary of the following:
  • The problem addressed
  • The methodology, measurements, and sample
  • The findings
  • Conclusions and limitations of the research design
• Compare two of the primary research report articles you selected for your annotated bibliography that use different research methods, and explain why the conclusions each article can draw are different.
• Compare two secondary sources. Your comparison should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your comparison should include a summary of the following:
  • The types of research being reported
  • The level of detail
  • The intended audience of the publications

Guidelines for Submission

Submit your completed Project Two Milestone Template. Sources should be cited according to APA style.

Technology and Cognitive Approaches in Law Enhancement Strategies as the Topic Selected
The internet and information technologies have permeated all aspects of human life, beginning with how people eat, sleep, relax, learn, and work. Most importantly, every business, government, field, and profession bears the effects of technology, whether good or bad. Denk-Florea et al. (2020) aver that the introduction of revolutionary technologies has resulted in the development of cybercrime and triggered novel platforms for traditional offenses where computer-aided technology can equip a person with a criminal mind to commit a crime that ranges from terrorism to fraud, and pedophilia. Unlike conventional crimes where the police investigative aids rely on physical forensic evidence and eyewitness testimony, the genre of crimes requires digital evidence to have successful prosecution and secure a conviction. Considering that technology is now a pivotal point in law enforcement strategies and tactics, many scholars have conducted studies whose content address how the use of technology cognitive approaches can improve law enforcement by the police and compliance by citizens. Consequently, the paper outlines an annotated bibliography of the selected articles on the role technology and cognitive approaches can in enhancing law enforcement.

Annotated Bibliography
Ginet, M., & Py, J. (2001). A technique for enhancing memory in eyewitness testimonies for use by police officers and judicial officials: the cognitive interview. Le travail humain, 64(2), 173-191. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-travail-humain-2001-2-page-173.htm
This article adopts the perspective of practices regarding police training as they acquire complex motor skills like the use of force against a backdrop of a rapidly changing society in terms of science and technology. The lead researchers identified the disconnect between empirical research and applied practice, recognizing neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning law enforcers’ motor learning. Witness testimonies inform police inquiry, while judges and juries rely on the same testimonies to determine the guilt or absence of an accused person. A pertinent problem in contemporary society is the lack of adequate training for officers to conduct witness interviews in ways that would optimize the retrieval of information from either the victim or witness.
The investigators proposed using the Cognitive Interview wherein a witness is asked four instructions to adhere to throughout the interview. They used the experimental method in a three-phase experiment requiring the participants to have mental reinstalment of context (return), exercise hypermnesia (recall the maximum amount of information), change of narrative order (recount the scene in a different chronological order), and exercise change of perspective 9 recounting the scene from a different perspective.
The researchers concluded that it is beneficial to implement CIT while acknowledging that its use in France and Belgium was not widespread. The investigators also mentioned its limitations as the risks that could result from changing perspective instruction due to a high confabulation. The other limitation is the specific nature of French penal procedures.
Koper, C. S., Willis, J. J., Woods, D. J., & Hibdon, J. (2015). Technology in Policing. URL: https://cebcp.org/wp-content/technology/ImpactTechnologyFinalReport.pdf
The authors sought to examine the effects technology has on policing. It briefly outlines how the invention of the automobile in the 20thentury led to the implementation of motorized preventive patrol with two-way radio –communication and 911 (computer-aided dispatch improved policing by ensuring rapid response to those in distress. The 21st century has also come with IT, video surveillance systems, and DNA testing. The researchers then identify the need for an inadequate understanding of how technology impacts policies and the subsequent need to propagate the theory on the interaction between technology and policing.
To address the research questions, the rescuers used multimethod case studies and theoretical and empirical literature reviews on how and for what purposes technology application is applied within police agencies across various agencies and organization subunits. The measurements used were captured in 9 themes ranging from an agency’s experiences with the use of technology, police culture, police-citizen communication, and job satisfaction. Each survey item had two sets of items: their general views on technology and views on its implementation. A four-point scale was used to assess agreement or disagreement of agrees, strongly agree, disagree, or strongly disagree. Four large police agencies, each with more than 1000 officers.
The investigators determined that for technologies to help reduce crime and improve clearance rates, there is a need for police agencies to implement new technologies and refine use with time. The leading technologies highlighted are information technology systems, crime analysis, license plate readers, in-car videos, and DNA analysis.
The researchers drew conclusions based on the findings from the literature review. They report the study’s limitations using a small convenience sample of large police agencies. They also report that their analyses are exploratory and, therefore, should do not offer a framework for rigorous cause and effect assessments of technology’s impact.
Denk-Florea, C. B., Gancz, B., Gomoiu, A., Ingram, M., Moreton, R., & Pollick, F. (2020). Understanding and supporting law enforcement professionals working with distressing material: Findings from a qualitative study. PloS one, 15(11), e0242808.URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242808
These scholars introduce their study by opining that landmark technologies lead to a new crime genre necessitating a shift in criminal investigations because eyewitness accounts may not be possible in digital crimes. A serious problem with the effects of cybercrime is Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) which may manifest as image hosting sites and third-party online services. The law enforcement personnel have to deal with large amounts of violent materials and adult content. The study proposes that investigators help the LEP discover stressors and coping strategies.
The researchers used a qualitative approach in a semi-structured one-to-one interview study design. The measurements taken included the level of STS. The participants included twenty-two law enforcement officers selected for the study through purposive sampling and working in the Police force in England. Recruitment occurred throw snowballing via email and stopped when recurrent patterns became recognizable in participants’ narration. The recurrent patterns were evidence of data saturation.
The investigators concluded that articulating the perceptions of British LEPs concerning the experience of working with distressing materials has the potential to elicit solid and effective responses, among other benefits. They also denied their study’s limitation to include but not limited to theft that despite the participating LEPs working in the same agency, they had different roles during their working time. The interviewer’s gender could also have influenced the level of disclosure because women are perceived to pay closer attention to one’s personal and emotional experiences.
Comparison of Two Primary Research Articles
The two studies selected for comparison are Ginet et al. (2001), which sought to use a cognitive approach to improve the memory of witnesses giving testimonies against Koper et al. (2015), whose content sight investigate measures to achieve the full potential of technology in policing. Ginet et al.’s (2001) methodology is an experimental approach conducted in three phases. Phase I had 14 participating students being interviewed using the usual procedure after watching a film on campus. Phase II had 7 of the 14 officers receive training in cognitive training while the other half received training on the pitfalls of standard interviewing (structured interviewing. Phase three had the police officers re-interview the students while applying the advice and techniques received during their respective training. This method differed from Koper et al. (2015), which was qualitative and used multimodal case studies by design. Ginet et al. (2001) results were quantifiable and generalizable to other participants in different settings. However, those of Koper (2015) were qualitative and cannot be replicated in another experiment. Similarly, because its study articles are published case studies, its results or findings cannot be generalized, nor can the study be replicated.
Secondary Sources Selected
Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Wilson, D. B., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., … & Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body-worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(3), Article-number. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1112
The researchers’ topic of interest focused on the increasing adoption of body-worn cameras by law enforcement agencies to improve police conduct and enhance accountability, and transparency, with a special emphasis on the force. The problem identified by the investigators herein was the existence of uncertainty regarding whether BWCs indeed reduce an officer’s use of force. They hasten to add that the presence of variations in the effects of BWCs indicates there could be conditions whose presence can positively impact BWCs efficacy. Subsequently, the investigators sought to address the problem of inadequate lack of knowledge on the impact of BWCs on police accountability systems or police-citizen relationships by reviewing selected articles on the BWCs effects.
The investigators used systematic review design qualitative research using the Global Policing Database (GPD) of articles published between 2004 and September 2019. A total of 12 outcome measures contained in the articles under review were captured with examples like officer or citizen behavior. As a result, the researchers concluded that BWCs remains a costly technology, and citizen and police expectations on their positive effects have not always been achieved.
Meterko, V., & Cooper, G. (2021). Cognitive biases in criminal case evaluation: a review of the research. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1-22.URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11896-020-09425-8
Meterko & Cooper (2021)identified that while enabling us to make quick decisions, these mental shortcuts have unintended consequences of sometimes undermining accuracy and, therefore, compromising fair administration of justice. The investigators sought to address this problem by conducting a literature review and pointing out each research’s strengths and limitations before devising measures to lower the incidence of cognitive biases using cognitive approaches.
The researchers used a qualitative approach of content analysis in the literature review for scholarly writing derived from searches in the PsycINFO database. The investigators found that cognitive biases in forensic science and case evaluations dominated the contents of the selected article. They also identified factors like confirmation bias, time pressure, level of experience, and type of crime or incidentals, some components with the capacity to contaminate forensic observations and eventually conclusions cognitively. These and other factors can be categorized as either human nature, environmental and culture, specific individual characteristics, or case-specific factors.

Comparison of Two Secondary Sources
The two articles selected for comparison in this section are Lum et al. (2020) and Meterko & Cooper (2021). In the first study, Lum et al. (2020) conducted a systematic review to investigate the impact of body-worn cameras on police officers and citizen behavior. On the other hand, Meterko & Cooper (2021) sought to identify the problem of cognitive bias to impact the criminal justice system negatively. According to these researchers, one way of addressing these cognitive biases in criminal investigations and prosecutions was to conduct a literature review to establish the magnitude of the current studies. Although both use qualitative methodology, Meterko & Cooper’s (2021) study focuses on a cognitive approach to improve law enforcement by reducing cognitive biases in criminal cases, while its counterpart dwells on the impact wearable technologies have on law enforcers and citizen actions.
Considering that both studies reviewed not less than 30 studies in their review, it is clear that the level of detail was a bit shallow, and only the skeletal logic of each article was included in the study. In my considered opinion, Lu et al.’s (2020) target audience was the scientific research community and policy decision-makers at the Homeland Security Docket. Part of its conclusion observes that BWCs are costly technology used by police agencies and that it remains unclear whether they lead to a decline in complaints. The study conducted by Meterko & Cooper et al. (2021) mainly targets law enforcement personnel working in the criminal justice system and how cognitive bias may jeopardize the chances of an accused person getting a fair hearing.

References
Primary Sources
Ginet, M., & Py, J. (2001). A technique for enhancing memory in eyewitness testimonies for use by police officers and judicial officials: the cognitive interview. Le travail humain, 64(2), 173-191. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-travail-humain-2001-2-page-173.htm
Koper, C. S., Willis, J. J., Woods, D. J., & Hibdon, J. (2015). Technology in Policing. URL: https://cebcp.org/wp-content/technology/ImpactTechnologyFinalReport.pdf
Denk-Florea, C. B., Gancz, B., Gomoiu, A., Ingram, M., Moreton, R., & Pollick, F. (2020). Understanding and supporting law enforcement professionals working with distressing material: Findings from a qualitative study. PloS one, 15(11), e0242808. URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242808
Secondary Sources
Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Wilson, D. B., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., … & Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body-worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(3), Article-number. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1112
Meterko, V., & Cooper, G. (2021). Cognitive biases in criminal case evaluation: a review of the research. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1-22.URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11896-020-09425-8